Figure 7.

Rapid AMPAR upregulation contributes to trace fear learning. During trace fear conditioning, Ca²⁺ influx via NMDARs initiates AMPAR upregulation through activation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) related pathways. Newly recruited postsynaptic AMPARs help potentiate glutamatergic excitatory transmission within the ACC, establishing plasticity in neuronal populations for long term memory storage.